Active Control of Irreversible Faradic Reactions to Enhance the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis for Energy Production from Salinity Gradients

Irreversible faradic reactions in reverse electrodialysis (RED) are an emerging concern for scale-up, reducing the overall performance of RED and producing environmentally harmful chemical species. Capacitive (CRED) has potential to generate electricity without necessity irreversible reactions. However, there is a critical knowledge gap fundamental understanding effects operational stack voltages CRED on CRED. This study aims develop active control strategy avoid pH change CRED, focusing voltage (0.9-5.0 V) power generation. Results show that increasing initial output by insignificant impact reactions, regardless applied, but cutoff mainly responsible controlling The system with eliminating achieved maximum density (1.6 W m-2) from synthetic seawater (0.513 M NaCl) freshwater (0.004 NaCl). work suggests can provide stable generation using salinity gradients large-scale operations.